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For more than a decade, automakers have been under pressure to reduce tailpipe emissions while still offering vehicles that customers can afford, service, and use every day. One of the most aggressive signals came from the EPA’s proposed light-duty vehicle emissions pathway, which pointed toward an industry-wide target near 82 grams of CO₂ per mile by model year 2032. The final 2024 rule was later discussed in terms of an 85 grams-per-mile light-duty fleet target, and the fed

Why smaller engines are creating bigger thermal challenges in the U.S. automotive market For many years, the future of the automotive industry seemed to be described in one simple sentence: everything will become electric. The reality in the United States is more complex. Electric vehicles are growing, but combustion engines are not disappearing quickly. Hybrids are rising. SUVs and trucks remain extremely important. At the same time, automakers are under constant pressure to

Electric vehicle battery design is often discussed as if each thermal function is separate. One material protects against heat. Another material removes heat. Another system warms the battery in cold weather. In reality, these functions must work together. A modern EV battery pack is not simply a box filled with cells. It is a controlled thermal environment. Inside that environment, the battery must stay warm enough to operate efficiently in cold conditions, cool enough to av

Electric vehicles are changing faster than many people outside the automotive industry realize. The early EV design approach was relatively simple to understand: battery cells were assembled into modules, modules were assembled into a pack, and the pack was installed into the vehicle body as a separate system. That approach is now evolving. Automakers are moving from traditional cell-to-module-to-pack layouts toward cell-to-pack, structural battery packs, and eventually batte

When we think about vehicle safety, they usually think about airbags, seatbelts, brakes, crash structures, and electronic driver-assistance systems. These systems are essential. But modern vehicle safety also depends on something less visible: the materials placed inside the vehicle to manage heat, sound, vibration, sealing, and fire-related risks. Insulation materials do not prevent a crash. They are not a replacement for structural design, battery management systems, or cra